Judaism 유대교 [ 일반적 관측 ]

Judaism	유대교
I. Introduction Judaism, the religion of the Jews, is the complex ｅxpression of a religious and ethnic community, a way of life as well as a set of basic beliefs and values, which is discerned in patterns of action, social order, and culture as well as in religious statements and concepts. The first section of this article treats the history of Judaism in the broadest and most complete sense, from the early ancestral beginnings of the Jewish people down to contemporary times. In the second section the beliefs, practices, and culture of Judaism are discussed. Dates are listed throughout as BCE (Before the Common Era = BC) and CE (Common Era = AD).	서론 유대인들의 종교인 유대교는, 종교적 그리고 민족적 공동체의 복합적 표현이며, 삶의 방식일 뿐만 아니라, 기본적인 신념과 가치관의 집합이며, 이것은 행위의 형태, 사회적 질서, 그리고 문화뿐만 아니라, 종교적 선언 및 개념들 안애서 인식된다. 이 기사의 첫번째 부분은 가장 넓고 완전한 의미에서의 유대교의 역사를 다루며, 이것은 유대 민족 초기 선조들의 시작들부터, 현 시대까지를 포함한다. 두번째 부분에서는 유대교의 신앙, 관례 및 문화에 대하여 논의된다. 전반적인 연대 표시는 BCE(기원전, BC) 및, CE(기원, AD)로 열거된다.
I. INTRODUCTION II. THE HISTORY OF JUDAISM 1. General observations 1) NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS 2) PERIODIZATION 2. Biblical Judaism (20th-4th century BCE) 1) THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EASTERN SETTING 2) THE PRE-MOSAIC PERIOD: THE RELIGION OF THE PATRIARCHS 3) THE MOSAIC PERIOD: FOUNDATIONS OF THE ISRAELITE RELIGION i) The Egyptian sojourn. ii) Mosaic religion. 4) THE PERIOD OF THE CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT OF CANAAN 5) THE PERIOD OF THE UNITED MONARCHY i) The religiopolitical problem. ii) The Davidic monarchy. 6) THE PERIOD OF THE DIVIDED KINGDOM 7) THE PERIOD OF CLASSICAL PROPHECY AND CULT REFORM i) The emergence of the literary prophets. ii) Prophecy in the southern kingdom. iii) Reforms in the southern kingdom. 8) THE EXILIC PERIOD 9) THE PERIOD OF THE RESTORATION 3. Hellenistic Judaism (4th century BCE-2nd century CE) 1) THE GREEK PERIOD (332-63 BCE) i) Hellenism and Judaism. ii) Social, political, and religious divisions. iii) Religious rites and customs in Palestine: Temple and synagogues. iv) Religious and cultural life in the Diaspora. 1. Egyptian Jewish literature. 2. Palestinian literature. 2) THE ROMAN PERIOD (63 BCE-135 CE) i) New parties and sects. ii) Origin of Christianity: the early Christians and the Jewish community. iii) Judaism under Roman rule. 4. Rabbinic Judaism (2nd-18th century) 1) THE AGE OF THE TANNAIM (135-c. 200) i) The role of the rabbis. ii) The making of the Mishna. 2) THE AGE OF THE AMORAIM: THE MAKING OF THE TALMUDS (3RD-6TH CENTURIES) i) Palestine (c. 220-c. 400). ii) Babylonia (200-650). 3) THE AGE OF THE GEONIM (c. 640-1038) i) Triumph of the Babylonian rabbinate. ii) Antirabbinic reactions. iii) The gaonate of Sa'adia ben Joseph. 4) MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN JUDAISM (950-1750) i) The two major branches. ii) Sefardic developments. iii) Ashkenazic developments. iv) Conflicts, disasters, and new movements. 5. Modern Judaism (c. 1750 to the present) 1) THE NEW SITUATION 2) THE HASKALA, OR ENLIGHTENMENT i) In central Europe. ii) In eastern Europe. 3) RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS 4) ORTHODOX DEVELOPMENTS i) In western and central Europe. ii) In eastern Europe. 5) DEVELOPMENTS IN SCHOLARSHIP 6) JEWISH-CHRISTIAN RELATIONS 7) ZIONISM 8) AMERICAN JUDAISM 9) JUDAISM IN OTHER LANDS 10) CONTEMPORARY JUDAISM III. THE JUDAIC TRADITION 1. The literature of Judaism 1) SOURCES AND SCOPE OF THE TORAH i) Prophecy and religious experience. ii) Modern views of Torah. iii) Opposition to the Talmud. iv) Content, style, and form. v) Modes of interpretation and thought. 2) EARLY COMPILATIONS i) The making of the Mishna: 2nd-3rd centuries. ii) The making of the Talmuds: 3rd-6th century. 3) TALMUDIC AND MIDRASHIC LITERATURE i) Mishna. ii) Tosefta. iii) Talmud (Gemara). iv) Midrashim. 1. Halakhic. 2. Haggadic. v) Codes. vi) Commentaries. vii) Writing and printing of the Talmuds. 4) NONLEGAL SUBJECT MATTER i) Main religious doctrines. 1. God. 2. Torah. 3. Israel. 4. Worship. 5. Messianic kingdom. ii) Doctrine of man. iii) Medicine and science. iv) Legend and folklore. v) Astrology, magic, and divination. 5) TALMUDIC LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE i) Methods of arriving at legal principle and decisions. ii) Administration of justice. 1. Courts. 2. Rules of evidence. 3. Trial procedure. iii) Criminal law. iv) Civil and social law. 6) THE TALMUD TODAY i) Role in the Jewish community. ii) Talmudic scholarship. 2. Basic beliefs and doctrines 1) GOD i) Unity and uniqueness. ii) Creativity. iii) Activity in the world. iv) Otherness and nearness. v) Modern views of God. 2) ISRAEL (THE JEWISH PEOPLE) i) Choice and covenant. ii) Israel and the nations. iii) The people and the land. iv) Modern views of the people Israel. 3) MAN i) The image of God. ii) The earthly-spiritual creature. iii) The ethically bound creature. iv) Medieval and modern views of man. 4) ETHICS AND SOCIETY i) The ethical emphasis of Judaism. ii) Interpenetration of communal and individual ethics. iii) The key moral virtues. iv) The relation to non-Jewish communities and cultures. v) The formulation of Jewish ethical doctrines. 5) THE UNIVERSE i) Creation and Providence: God's world. ii) Man's place in the universe. iii) Intermediary beings: angels and demons. 6) ESCHATOLOGY i) The future age of mankind and the world. ii) The king-messiah and his reign. iii) Secularization of messianism. 3. Basic practices and institutions 1) THE HALLOWING OF EVERYDAY EXISTENCE 2) THE TRADITIONAL PATTERN OF INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILIAL PRACTICES 3) THE TRADITIONAL PATTERN OF SYNAGOGUE PRACTICES 4) CEREMONIES MARKING THE INDIVIDUAL LIFE CYCLES 5) THE CYCLE OF THE RELIGIOUS YEAR i) The Jewish calendar. 1. Lunisolar structure. 2. Months and notable days. 3. Origin and development. ii) The Sabbath. 1. Importance. 2. Observances. iii) The Jewish holidays. 1. Pilgrim festivals. 2. Ten Days of Penitence. 3. Minor festivals: Hanukka and Purim. 4. The five fasts. 5. The lesser holidays. iv) The situation today. 6) HOLY PLACES: THE LAND OF ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM 7) THE SACRED LANGUAGE: HEBREW AND THE VERNACULAR TONGUES 8) THE RABBINATE i) Legal, judicial, and congregational roles. ii) Chief rabbinates. 9) GENERAL COUNCILS OR CONFERENCES 10) MODERN VARIATIONS 4. Art and iconography 1) The anti-iconic principle and its modifications. 2) Ceremonial objects and symbols. 3) Architecture. 4) Paintings and illustrations. 5) Music. 6) Literature. 5. Jewish philosophy 1) PRE-HELLENISTIC AND HELLENISTIC THOUGHT i) Bible and Apocrypha. ii) Philo Judaeus. iii) Other ancient sources. 2) MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY i) Jewish kalam. 1. Sa'adia ben Joseph. 2. The Karaites. ii) Jewish Neoplatonism. 1. Isaac Israeli. 2. Solomon ibn Gabirol. 3. Judah ha-Levi. 4. Other Jewish thinkers c. 1050-c. 1150. iii) Jewish Aristotelianism. 1. Abraham ibn Daud. 2. Maimonides. 3. Averroists. 4. Gersonides. 5. Hasdai Crescas. 6. Joseph Albo. 3) MODERN PHILOSOPHY i) The Iberian-Dutch philosophers. 1. Uriel Acosta. 2. Benedict de Spinoza. ii) German philosophers. 1. Moses Mendelssohn. 2. Solomon Formstecher. 3. Samuel Hirsch. 4. Nachman Krochmal. 5. Solomon Steinheim. 6. Hermann Cohen. 7. Franz Rosenzweig. 8. Martin Buber. 6. Jewish mysticism 1) NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS i) The Judaic context. ii) Three types of Jewish mysticism. 2) MAIN LINES OF DEVELOPMENT i) Early stages to the 6th century CE. 1. Sefer Yetzira. ii) The Arabic-Islamic influence (7th-13th century). iii) The making of the Kabbala (c. 1150-1250). 1. Sefer ha-bahir. 2. School of Isaac the Blind. iv) The 10 sefirot. 1. The School of Gerona (Catalonia). 2. Sefer ha-temuna. v) Medieval German (Ashkenazic) Hasidism. vi) The making of the Zohar (c. 1260-1492). vii) The Lurianic Kabbala. viii) Shabbetaianism. ix) Modern Hasidism. 3) MODERN JEWISH MYSTICISM 7. Jewish myth and legend 1) SIGNIFICANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS 2) SOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT i) Myth and legend in the Old Testament. 1. Myths. 2. Legends and other tales. 3. Contemporary interpretations. ii) Myth and legend in the Persian period. iii) Myth and legend in the Hellenistic period. 1. Historiated Bibles and legendary histories. 2. Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha. iv) Myth and legend in Talmud and Midrash. 1. Midrash and Haggada. 2. Fables and animal stories. 3. Contribution of Haggada to Christian and Islamic legends. v) Myth and legend in the medieval period. 1. Jewish contribution to diffusion of folktales. 2. Hebrew versions of medieval romances. 3. Jewish contributions to Christian and Islamic tales. 4. Major medieval Hebrew collections. 5. Medieval historiated Bibles and legendary histories. 6. Medieval Haggadic compendiums. vi) Myth and legend in the modern period. 1. Kabbalistic tales. 2. Judeo-German (Yiddish) tales. 3. Judeo-Persian and Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) tales. 4. Hasidic tales. 5. Droll stories. 6. Modern Israeli folktales. 8. Judaism in world perspective 1) RELATION WITH NON-JUDAIC RELIGIONS i) Exclusivist and universalist emphases. ii) Relation to Christianity. iii) Relation to Islam. iv) Relations with other religions. 2) THE ROLE OF JUDAISM IN WESTERN CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION i) Its historic role. ii) Its present role. iii) Future prospects. IV. Bibliography 1. General history: 2. Biblical Judaism: 3. Hellenistic Judaism: 4. Rabbinic Judaism: 5. Contemporary Judaism: 6. Judaic literature: 7. Basic beliefs and doctrines: 8. Ethics and society: 9. Basic practices and institutions: 10. Art and iconography: 11. Relation with non-Judaic religions: 12. The role of Judaism in Western culture and civilization: 13. The present-day forms of Judaism: 14. The religious year: 15. General introductions to Jewish philosophy: 16. Hellenistic philosophy: 17. Medieval philosophy: 18. Jewish Kalam: 19. Jewish Neo-Platonism: 20. Judah ha-Levi: 21. Jewish Aristotelianism: 22. Maimonides: 23. Averroists: 24. Modern Jewish philosophy: 25. German philosophers: 26. Jewish mysticism: 27. Jewish myth and legend: